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Arterial ThrombosisArterial Thrombosis – General InformationArterial Thrombosis is a frequent problem, especially in the case of old people who also suffer from cardiovascular disorders or any kind of diabetes. Only in the United States are performed about 55,000 surgeries each year and more than 90,000 people need amputation. This is a serious disease as it affects the quantity of the blood supplies which should circulate to the legs and feet; this may even lead to sudden death. The infection which appears becomes life- threatening only after a portion of the affected extremity turns gangrenous. Arterial Thrombosis is quite a common disease and it affects about 2% of the world population each year. Is usually appears as a result of emboli, atherosclerosis, cystic disease, trauma, entrapment syndrome or artery aneurysm. In the case of a normal person, when he does sports, the muscular system needs about 5 to 8 times more blood than when resting. In the case of those who suffer from Arterial Thrombosis, the ability of the body to render the necessary blood during exercise decreases and the sufferer experiences great pain. But this is only the beginning, as these problems worsen and the perspective of using the legs in a normal way during exercising seems unlikely. If these problems remain untreated, the disorder will advance and, if it reaches the final stage, even death can appear. The most common forms of the disease, which are mentioned above, differ a lot in gravity, the symptoms they cause and the way they can be treated.Arterial Thrombosis – SymptomsArterial Thrombosis is characterized by the problems it causes to the popliteal arteries; these can then result in thrombus formation as well as in endothelial damage. In what concerns most of the forms of this disease, the evolution is insidious. At first, the patients complain about abnormalities in the foot and calf; in this case, the doctor must check the ankle-brachial indices. If the results show a level of about 85%, then there is certainly a problem and some abnormalities must have appeared, if the results are about 50%, then the person should also take other tests, as he may experience an early stage of the disease and, if the results are less than 25%, the person is experiencing temporary problems and he only needs some rest. In what concerns the patients over 65 years old, they are unlikely to develop any symptoms at all; however, they can experience problems like chest pain, discomfort in the knees area or tissue ischemia. Furthermore, in the affected area can appear signs such as loss of hair in that specific part of the body, dependent rubor, pallor or thickened toenails. In the case of artery aneurysm, patients can experience distal embolization, occlusions or claudications. In contrast with the other forms of Arterial Thrombosis, the entrapment syndrome affects young people, who are usually healthy, active and who do not feel any pain while practicing a sport. In their case, as well as in the case of those who experience adventitial diseases, the evolution of the disease is fast and threatening.Arterial Thrombosis – TreatmentArterial Thrombosis is treated differently, depending what form of the disease the patient presents. In the case of atherosclerosis, the doctor will recommend medical intervention, exercise and renouncing smoking, if necessary. However, the most important is for the sufferer to change his life-style, in order to improve the medical condition and to maintain a normal circulation in the affected area. In the first stage, the sufferer can be administrated some activators, such as urokinase or streptokinase. The artery aneurism can not be treated that easy, as the activators do not lead to a significant change in the evolution of Arterial Thrombosis. In this situation, the doctor will perform a surgery and, if the patient’s condition is too worse, he will be obliged to perform amputation. Emboli, on the other side, can be successfully treated with activators, but this form of the disease is likely to reappear. In this condition, emboli can be removed from the vessels using intraoperative thrombolysis or a balloon catheter. Entrapment syndrome can be ameliorated with rest and, in some severe cases, in order to recover completely; the patient will need to suffer a surgery. The symptoms can also be improved with the enlargement of the affected artery. For the adventitial disease has not yet been found an effective treatment. At this stage, they are treated using a wide range of other possible medical interventions. The most common options are the evacuation with a vein patch, the evacuation with cyst or the evacuation with a synthetic patch. Another possibility is the resection, performed using a vein graft, a synthetic graft or a homograft placement. The most severe form of the disease, artery occlusion, can only be treated with medical intervention. The most accessible surgery is the reverse vein bypass graft, but if this one can not be performed, the other choices are the arm veins, popliteal vein and lesser vein. The popliteal vein is approachable for calf incisions and medial thigh and the surgery can be made either side-to-side or end-to-end. However, before performing any kind of surgery in order to treat one of the forms of Arterial Thrombosis presented above, your doctor should also recommend you other tests, such as chest radiography, a coagulation study or a preoperative ECG. Furthermore, if the surgery is not needed immediately, you can also perform an angiography of the body’s extremities in order to obtain more details about the blood circulation and the possible existence of other affected vessels. In what concerns those patients who also present gangrene of the sick extremity they must take antibiotics before any surgery. During surgery, the sufferers of Arterial Thrombosis need permanent cardiac monitoring, as their condition can worsen when least expected. These problems which appear suddenly can lead to stroke, excessive bleeding or an infarct. After the surgery is completed, the patients need to start a therapy based on antibiotics, usually aspirin. Furthermore, the sufferers of Arterial Thrombosis need to reorganize their life-style and a doctor permanently has to check their condition, the post-operative evolution and any other problems which can appear. |
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