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BerylliosisBerylliosis General InformationBerylliosis represents an occupational disease that affects the lungs and is known as CBD (chronic beryllium disorder) or acute beryllium disease. What causes this chronic allergic lung disease is the exposure to beryllium and to all its compounds (vapors or dust). This inflammation of the lungs is the result of inhaling fumes or dust that contains this metallic element. This element can also implant itself in the patient’s skin. Beryllium is usually found in coal, rocks, volcanic dust, and soil and people use it in different types of manufacturing crafts and in the aerospace industry. What is really worrying at this disease is the fact that Berylliosis can not be cured, although the symptoms can be treated. Berylliosis can either have an acute or chronic form. There are cases when the disease appears after more than 10 years after the exposure to this substance. Any type of work in an environment associated with processes in which particles or beryllium fumes become airborne can lead to a real severe health hazard. The occupational exposure is caused by working with beryllium, beryllium compounds (for example beryllium oxide) or pure beryllium. The jobs that involve such risks include: fiber optics, mining, dental and laboratory technology, electronics, atomic and space engineering, manufacturing bicycle frames, mirrors, microwave ovens, clear weapons and reactors, golf clubs, and ceramics, or reclaiming scrap metal. The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has classified fumes and beryllium dust as air pollutants that are very toxic. Studies show that more than 5% of the workers who are exposed to this substance get the disease.Berylliosis SymptomsSome patients may be asymptomatic, although the disease can evolve. It is still unknown what helps this disorder to progress. Even if the exposure to beryllium is prolonged or single, the lungs usually become immediately sensitive to the substance. The polluted air with beryllium inflames the lungs which become rigid enough. This leads to the appearance of granulomas (very small inflammatory nodules) which can also appear in other chronic diseases (sarcoidosis and tuberculosis) that are very hard to be distinguished from Berylliosis. The granulomas can sometimes appear in other organs, such as liver, bone or kidneys, because once it is inhaled, the beryllium is dissolved in the lungs and then distributed to these organs. The process may provoke lung diseases that are restrictive and a decreased capacity of diffusion. A patient that suffers of Berylliosis has shortness of breath and may experience intense coughing, along with fever, joint aches, chest pain or loss of weight. The symptoms usually appear suddenly and can also affect the skin, extra pulmonary lymph nodes, salivary glands, skeletal muscles, eyes, myocardium, and the. Patients suffering from the acute form of this disease have a very poor health state, but most of them recover. In some cases, disabling lung dysfunction or death can also appear. Both female and male patients are equally affected by this medical condition. It has been proved that there is a strong evidence of genetic susceptibility. The secondary exposure can also affect children and elder people, but the most affected group of age are the adults.Berylliosis TreatmentIf the patients present any of the symptoms specific for Berylliosis and they have a history of exposure to this metallic element they will be immediately suspected of having this disease. Usually, the changes in the lungs are seen with an X-ray of the chest. But these changes often resemble to those resulted from other diseases of the lungs; this is why further testing is absolutely necessary. The sensitivity to beryllium is detected with a BeLPT (beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test), a test of the blood used to screen the persons who are at risk of getting Berylliosis. When the level of sensitivity is too high, the screening is done on cells that have been washed from the lungs. BeLPT is considered to be the more efficient way of testing in order to put a correct and final diagnosis. If the beryllium sensitivity is detected as well as an early stage of Berylliosis, the patient must interrupt his work involving the metallic element and must regularly undergo medical tests in order to discover whether the disease has progressed from the non-life-threatening stage. When reaching the acute stage, this disease can sometimes be fatal for the individual. To help the patient breathe, the doctors put him on a ventilator and then is required an immediate therapy with a group of anti-inflammatory drugs, called corticosteroids that are able to lessen the inflammation of the lungs. In this first stage, a patient can recover totally after five to twelve days after the beginning of the adequate treatment. In this stage, Berylliosis does not lead to the development of any side effects. In the chronic stage, Berylliosis is not curable anymore, although corticosteroids are prescribed as main therapy. It is not sure yet whether these drugs interfere in the progression of the disease or if they produce any effects of scarring the tissues of the lungs. In many cases, a therapy on long term is needed because cleansing the lungs of this toxic substance may be a very slow process. A treatment that uses chelating factors is still studied in the laboratories. This therapy in progress is known as chelation therapy and uses some agents that surround and block the toxic elements and then allow them to be pulled outside the body. In this second stage, patients may present heart failure as a result of the stain that is placed on the heart. What is needed in this case is a team approach involved in pulmonary specialists, early diagnosis, in screening and in prevention. In the end stages, doctors take in consideration the possibility of having a transplant of lungs. This disease must be avoided as much as possible. This can be done by eliminating the occupational exposure to the toxic element. Workers must be screened so that there can be a way to have under control the symptoms and the developing of the disease. For example, the concentration of beryllium in factories must not be more than 0.01 mcg/m3. There is an actual standard of 2 mcg/m3 that is not that protective as some used to believe. |
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