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HIV InfectionHIV Infection – General InformationHIV Infection is considered a chronic, life threatening infection caused by the HIV virus, or human immunodeficiency virus. This kind of virus damages and destroys the patient’s cells of the immune system and interferes with the body’s capability of fighting viruses, bacteria and fungi that can lead to the appearance of certain diseases. By affecting the patient’s immune system, the respective person becomes susceptible to several kinds of cancer types and infections that the body ought to be normally able to resist to. The most common are pneumonia and meningitis. In almost all the cases, the infection evolves to a more severe condition called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Due to its frequency, the HIV Infection is considered a global epidemic. Most patients have between fifteen and twenty four years. Even if many scientists try to discover more effective treatment options, the condition still presents increasing death rates all over the world. The virus usually affects the patient’s lymphocytes, especially the CD4 lymphocytes that are responsible to attack and destroy foreign organisms. Once entered in the patient’s body, the virus inserts its genetic material into these lymphocytes making copies of it inside those cells. When these cells break out of the host and enter the bloodstream, they tend to attack other cells. After leaving, the host dies from the effects of the virus. This leads to the appearance of a severe immune deficiency that has been linked to the decreased levels of CD4 lymphocytes, as the patient’s body cannot fight the foreign organisms. The HIV infection can be transmitted sexually, through infected blood, hereditary and through needle sharing.HIV Infection – SymptomsThe symptoms of the HIV Infection can vary, depending on the stage of the condition. There are cases in which the infection is asymptomatic, but the most common signs in the first phases are the ones similar with flu, and include fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands and rash. Normally, even if the patient does not experience any symptoms he is able to transmit the virus to other persons. There are cases in which the condition did not caused symptoms for nine years or more. As the HIV Infection progresses, the patient can develop several infections or chronic symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes, which is considered the first sign of the infection, diarrhea, weight loss, fever, cough and shortness of the breath. By the time the condition progresses the patient’s immune system has already been severely damaged, increasing the risk of developing certain infections. The signs and symptoms of the several of these infections can include soaking night sweats, shaking chills or high fever, dry cough and shortness of the breath, chronic diarrhea, persistent white spots or unusual lesions on the patient’s tongue or mouth, headaches, blurred and distorted vision and weight loss. In advanced stages, the condition can cause symptoms such as persistent fatigue, soaking night sweats, shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F for many weeks, swelling of lymph nodes for more than two months, chronic diarrhea and persistent headaches. There are cases in which the condition leads to the appearance of the cancer called cervical cancer.HIV Infection – TreatmentIn most cases, the treatment options for patients who suffer from HIV Infection consist in antiretroviral medicines and CCR5 antagonists. The antiretroviral drugs can include nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, fusion inhibitors and integrase inhibitors. The effect of these medicines is to inhibit the growth and replication of the HIV virus, at various stages of its life cycle. The nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors used to treat the HIV Infection have the effect of inhibiting the replication of the HIV enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Scientists have discovered a new medicine that can treat the HIV infection and hepatitis B simultaneously. This drug is called emtricitabine or Emtriva. In most cases, these medicines cause several side effects, but the major side effect of the nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors is bone marrow suppression, which can lead to a decreased level of red and white bloods cells. There are some particular cases in which the medicines cause hypersensitivity reactions such as rash, fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain. The emtricitabine medicine also causes side effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing and fatigue. The protease inhibitors that are used to treat HIV Infection have the effects of interrupting the HIV replication in a later stage of its life cycle by interfering with its enzyme (also known as HIV protease). This causes the HIV virus to become structurally disorganized and malignant. These medicines also cause side effects such as nausea, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal dysfunctions. These medicines can also affect the patient’s sugar metabolism leading to the appearance of diabetes. Another way to treat HIV Infection is the use of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors which have the effect of binding directly to the virus enzyme. The major side effect of these medicines is the rash. There are cases in which the drugs determined the patient to experience abnormal dreams, sleeplessness, dizziness and difficulty concentrating. In some cases doctors can apply nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors to treat the infection, as they have the effect of interfering with the reverse transcriptase replication, preventing the virus from inserting its genetic material into the patient’s cells. The most common type of this medicine used by the doctors is tenofovir or Viread, which can also cause, in some cases, liver damage. Fusion inhibitors are usually used to treat the advanced cases of the infection, and can be prescribed as enfuvirtide or Fuzeon. |
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