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Hodgkin’s DiseaseHodgkin’s Disease – General InformationHodgkin’s Disease, also known as Hodgkin’s lymphoma, is a type of cancer that affects the patient’s lymphatic system, which is an important part of the immune system. When a patient suffers from this kind of cancer, the cells produced by the lymphatic system abnormally grow, compromising the body’s ability of fighting against infections. Hodgkin’s Disease is the second major cause of lymphatic system cancer, and is named after the physician Thomas Hodgkin, the first who discovered the cancer. In most cases, patients who suffer from this type of cancer experience few or no symptoms at all. There are some particular cases in which the abnormality is found after an X-ray of the chest area. This kind of disease is challenging to diagnose because it has similar characteristics to other disorders such as influenza. There are also some characteristic signs of the disease and can include the way the disease spreads and the areas it affects. In diagnosing the condition, doctors can apply certain procedures, which can include X-ray, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, gallium scan, which consists in a radioactive substance administered intravenously that helps to indicate the areas in the patient’s body where Hodgkin's Disease may be present, positron emission tomography, bone marrow biopsy and certain blood tests. After the condition is diagnosed, it is classified in four stages, stage I, stage II, stage III and stage IV. Each stage has its own characteristics about the spreading, the gravity, the present signs and symptoms and the areas that the disease affects.Hodgkin’s Disease – SymptomsThe exact cause of Hodgkin’s Disease is still unknown. Generally, the patient’s lymphatic system contains lymph nodes or glands that are located in the whole body and make connections with the small vessels also known as lymphatics. The lymphatic system includes also the spleen, thymus gland and bone marrow that are important parts of it that can also help in fighting infections. In most cases, Hodgkin’s Disease starts in the patient’s lymph nodes, located in the upper area of the body. If the disease is not treated, it can progress and spread outside the patient’s lymph nodes, affecting the surrounding organs. When the vital organs, such as heart, lungs and brain, are affected, the disease can even cause the death of the individual. Another sign of this medical condition is the abnormal development of B cells, type of lymph cells that are considered the most important part of the immune system, responding to foreign organisms. When the cells are affected by the disease, they become large, cancerous and are called Reed-Sternberg cells. After the transformation, they do not die like the other cells; they keep producing abnormal cells in a malignant process. The first signs and symptoms of the Hodgkin’s Disease are similar to those caused by flu, and can include fever, fatigue and night sweats. The most common signs and symptoms can appear as, painless swelling of lymph nodes in the patient’s neck, armpits or groin, persistent fatigue, fever or chills, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, loss of appetite and itching.Hodgkin’s Disease – TreatmentThe main factor that the doctors have to take into consideration about Hodgkin’s Disease in applying the treatment is the stage and severity of the disease. There are also other important factors that can include the number and areas of lymph nodes affected or if one side or both sides of the patient’s diaphragm are damaged by the disease. The treatment for this kind of disease can also depend on certain factors such as the patient’s age, the present signs and symptoms, whether the patient carries a pregnancy, and the overall health status of the patient. The main goal of the treatment is to destroy the cancerous cells and to put the condition in remission. In almost all the cases, patients who suffered from the stage I and II of Hodgkin’s Disease, survived six years or more by taking the proper treatment. There are three major treatment options for this condition and can include radiation, chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant. When the disease only affects a small area, the first option is radiation therapy. In most cases, the doctor applies radiation to the affected nodes, but also to the surrounding areas where the condition might have spread. There are cases in which the therapy is used alone, but more commonly is used in combination with chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is usually necessary when the patient relapses after radiation. There are many types of radiation that can be applied for certain patients, because if it is used improperly it can lead to the appearance of other types of cancer, such as breast or lung cancer. The risk of developing breast cancer is increased in female patients, or patients younger than 30 years old, when the risk of development is too high. In almost all the cases, children who suffer from Hodgkin’s Disease are treated with chemotherapy, but if the condition is in an advanced stage, they can also receive a trial with low dose radiation. There are cases in which the condition spreads and affects numerous lymph nodes or even other organs and the first treatment option is chemotherapy. This kind of therapy is using certain medicines combined to kill the malignant cells. The main concern in applying chemotherapy is that it can cause long term side effects and severe complications, including heart damage, lung damage, liver damage and secondary cancers, such as leukemia. There are several chemotherapy regimens that are used to treat Hodgkin’s Disease, and can include ABVD, with medicines like doxorubicin or Adriamycin, bleomycin, Vinblastine and Dacarbazine, BEACOPP, with medicines like Bleomycin, Etoposide, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine or Oncovin, Procarbazine and Prednisone, COPP/ABVD with medicines like Ciclophosphamide, Oncovin, Procarbazine, Prednisone, Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine and Dacarbazine, STANDFORD V with medicines like Adriamycin, Vinblastine, Mechlorethamine, Etoposide, Vincristine, Bleomycin and Prednisone and MOPP with medicines like Mechlorethamine, Oncovin, Procarbazine and Prednisone. Another way to treat Hodgkin’s Disease is bone marrow transplant which is applied when the chemotherapy is not efficient, destroying the patient’s bone marrow. This treatment option is applied only if the other ones are ineffective. |
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